Additional assistance in the preparation was provided by Soko Made, Justin Kanoff, and Angela Bond. Rose Ganley spent numerous hours as editorial assistant correcting different versions of the text and helping prepare figures, tables, and photographs. Frank Darmstadt, Executive Editor at Facts On File, reviewed and edited all text and figures in the encyclopedia, providing guidance and consistency throughout. Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper.ĬONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Entries A–Z 1 Feature Essays: “Coping with Sea-Level Rise in Coastal Cities”ġ32 “Mississippi River Basin and the Midwest Floods of 19”ġ66 “Formation of the Earth and Solar System”Ģ62 “Lahars of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 1985”ģ07 “Homo sapiens sapiens and Neandertal Migration and Relations in the Ice Ages”ģ79 “Seismology and Earth’s Internal Structure”ģ83 “December 26, 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami”Īppendixes: Appendix I Periodic Table of the Elements 477 Appendix II The Geologic Timescale 479 Classification of Species 480 Summary of Solar System Data 480 Evolution of Life and the Atmosphere 480 Index 481ĪCKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have helped me with different aspects of preparing this encyclopedia. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Illustrations by Richard Garratt and Facts On File, Inc. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at Text design by Joan M. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755. QE5.K85 2004 550′.3-dc22 2004004389 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Includes bibliographical references and index. Encyclopedia of earth science / Timothy Kusky. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kusky, Timothy M. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis UniversityĮncyclopedia of Earth Science Copyright © 2005 by Timothy Kusky, Ph.D.

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